Skip to main content

Digital Trends may earn a commission when you buy through links on our site. Why trust us?

The Car Hacker’s Handbook isn’t a guide, it’s a wake-up call to automakers

car hackers handbook reveals automotive software secrets hacker
Image used with permission by copyright holder
Craig Smith readily admits that he’s paranoid by nature. As a digital security professional, paranoia is part of the job description. But unlike most security professionals, Smith is committed to unlocking secrets and demystifying what goes on in your car’s operating software. The theory goes that the best way to improve the code that keeps your car running is to get it out in the open and let everyone take a whack at it.

To help enthusiasts who want to know what’s really going on under the hood, Smith has written The Car Hacker’s Handbook, available now in both paperback and e-book editions from No Starch Press. The book is currently the top seller in its category on amazon.com. Digital Trends caught up with Smith for a discussion of the issues he raises in the book.

Craig-Smith“It’s about taking control of what you own,” Smith told Digital Trends. “Back in the day, automobile owner’s manuals had complete wiring diagrams, all the part numbers, and everything you needed to make any modification you wanted. Now they don’t. This book is for traditional mechanics who want to get into the electronic aspects of cars but have been stymied by the lack of information about this aspect and the taboo around it.”

The Car Hacker’s Handbook is a comprehensive guide to reverse-engineering and understanding the digital control systems in a modern vehicle. The book includes information on building your own test beds for analyzing the software in a vehicle’s control computers as well as background information on the vulnerabilities inherent in infotainment and two-way connectivity systems.

The result is a practical how-to guide for understanding and manipulating the software that controls virtually every function of a modern car.

Black hat, white hat

As you read The Car Hacker’s Handbook, the first thing that comes to mind is trouble. Malicious individuals could use the information and techniques described in this book to take control of people’s automobiles and use that control to demand ransoms, cause accidents, or even commit terrorism.

“If you knew that there was a vulnerability in a particular make and model of vehicle, you could have that ready to go as the car drove by.”

“The risk concerns me,” Smith admited. “But one thing I’ve learned is that keeping things to yourself works for the black hats. Once you shine a light on things, they get fixed. So if you’re not talking about it, that’s a worse situation. Sometimes it’s off-putting for industries when a researcher says there’s a problem with a product, so we do have to be sensitive. We have to play nice so we can all get safer sooner.”

Yet as previous researchers and hackers have shown, the potential for trouble is very real.

“Your research really needs to happen on test equipment that you build yourself. In that regard, you’re not actively hacking a vehicle that’s driving down the road,” Smith tells Digital Trends. “That being said, it is feasible to make an exploit using your own research and your own equipment that would be able to be deployed quickly. If you knew that there was a vulnerability in a particular make and model of vehicle, you could have that ready to go as the car drove by.”

Sizing up the problem

The average new car now carries about 100 million lines of software code. All that code is required to operate various systems throughout the vehicle, including engine and transmission management, traction and stability controls, and more. About 20 million lines of code are required just to run a standard navigation, infotainment, and connectivity system, and that’s one of the biggest areas of vulnerability.

DEF CON 23 - Charlie Miller & Chris Valasek - Remote Exploitation of an Unaltered Passenger Vehicle

Researchers Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller successfully hacked several cars through their data communications modules and in some cases managed to take substantial control of moving vehicles. Valasek and Miller’s exploits raised concerns about inadequate security provisions throughout the automotive industry, and prompted automakers to tighten up their safeguards.

What Smith’s book does is expose the tools and techniques that researchers use to identify and then exploit weaknesses in production cars. Starting with the CAN bus that most modern cars use as an onboard network, Smith takes the reader through the steps necessary to access the engine management system as well as the infotainment and communications systems. The book also covers how to write exploits and transfer them into a vehicle via the vehicle’s wireless connectivity systems.

Crowdsourcing security and compliance

One key result of the book is less obvious: The techniques of research and analysis described will enable widespread analysis of any automaker’s operating code. This is good, the author thinks.

The bar for automotive software quality just got raised.

Smith believes that private researchers will spot security holes, but also could potentially uncover intentional malfeasance.

“If you get more eyes on the problem, it’s harder to get away with stuff,” Smith pointed out. “Even just the threat of knowing that people are allowed to look at things will make others think twice about putting backdoors in place.”

Performance tuners and the EPA

The book covers engine management programming and how to alter the manufacturer’s code to increase a car’s power output. This is an area where the amateur may skirt very close to violating Federal law and regulations imposed by the EPA and Dept. of Transportation. It is illegal to tamper with any emissions control device, and a car’s engine management software is very much part of the emission control system.

“Of course it’s not good to add pollutants, but at the same time, we’re talking about 1 percent of people who are performance tuners,” Smith explained. “If we’re going to lock out people because of that fear, then you’re going to miss people like Volkswagen, which disabled an entire fleet of vehicles. In my mind, when the EPA came out with those rules, it wasn’t for the person who makes a race car and runs it around on Sunday. It was for fleets of vehicles.”

Open garages and responsibility

Smith is one of the founders of Open Garages, a loose organization dedicated to providing public access, documentation, and the tools necessary to understand today’s modern vehicle systems. The organization is seeking to bring the ethos of open source software to the automobile world, and this book is part of that effort. Smith is careful to caution that if you break something in your car, you cannot expect the automaker to fix it for you.

Vehicle Networks

“I recommend a switch or a jumper on the vehicle’s computer that disables the forcing of code-signed updates [from the automaker],” Smith said. “Now granted, when you do that, the secure boot loader should mark the car as tainted. So if you cause any damage to the engine, it’s on you. If you sell the car to anyone else, it would be obvious that the car was in its original factory-safe state or if it had been tampered with. That’s the same model Google uses with Chromebooks. I like that model, and I’d really like to see that.”

Don’t steal this book

Every so often, a book is published that pushes the boundaries of a controversial topic. Abbie Hoffman’s classic Steal This Book, published in 1971, detailed how to use and abuse government anti-poverty programs and charities, including how to cheat and steal effectively.

At the time, outraged people warned that Steal This Book posed a serious threat to continued freedom of the press — but it didn’t happen that way. People did steal the book, which led to bookstores keeping it under lock and key. Today, it’s a collector’s item and the material in it is simply quaint.

The Car Hacker’s Handbook is much the same. The information in this book is controversial, but not truly threatening. Malefactors who want to steal your car aren’t likely to spend months decoding assembly language programming to take control of your anti-lock braking system – they’d rather jump you at a stoplight.

This book is a wake-up call to automakers, legislators, and regulators, announcing the fact that technology enthusiasts can and will continue to fiddle with their cars. The bar for automotive software quality just got raised.

Editors' Recommendations

Jeff Zurschmeide
Jeff Zurschmeide is a freelance writer from Portland, Oregon. Jeff covers new cars, motor sports, and technical topics for a…
Best electric car charger deals: $100 off home charging stations
The handle of the Grizzl-E EV charger plugged into a vehicle.

A few years ago, electric vehicles were pretty rare or cost a fortune, but with more and more of the larger car brands getting into the game, there are a lot of excellent and even budget-friendly choices nowadays. That said, the electrical network for charging your cars might not be that widespread, so instead you'll have to rely on charging your car at home. Luckily, there are a lot of excellent car chargers at a discount, so if you've just bought an EV or want to upgrade your current charging solution, be sure to check out our favorite deals below.
Shockflo EV charger — $205, was $220

This EV charger by Shockflo is a Level 2 EV charger, which offers six times faster charging than a standard charger. It delivers 24 miles with just one hour of charging, and it can act as a mobile charger you can throw in the trunk or be mounted to a wall. It has an LCD display with useful information like charging rate, voltage, and charging time, as well as LED indicator lights that lets you know charging progress and errors.

Read more
Mercedes-Benz EQG: range, price, release date, and more
Concept image of the larger electric G-Wagon

The G-Class is going electric. We already knew that Mercedes-Benz was working on an electric, small-size G-Wagon, but it looks like the company is also working on a larger G-Class SUV, in the form of the EQG. In fact, Mercedes has gone as far as to show off a concept version of the off-roader.

While there's much we don't know about what will become the production model of the EQG, Mercedes has also shared a lot about it. Curious about whether the Mercedes-Benz EQG could be the EV for you? Here's everything we know so far.
Design
Fear not -- the EQG will retain many of the design aspects of the G-Class that you already know and love but with a modern face-lift. The EQG will keep the boxy design that gives the G-Class a classic look but with some additional modern styling, at least if the concept version is anything to go by.

Read more
Rivian R2 vs. Kia EV9: battle of affordable electric SUVs
Kia EV9 GT-Line Three Quarters

The long-awaited Rivian R2 has finally been announced, and it's an excellent option for those who want an electric SUV that doesn't completely break the bank. Sure, the R2 isn't cheap -- but it's a whole lot cheaper than most other EVs out there, especially when it comes to SUVs. But Rivian isn't the only company trying to tackle the problem of the budget electric SUV. The Kia EV9 is finally available, and it too offers a modern design and a range of helpful features.

Given the fact that the Rivian R2 and Kia EV9 are two electric SUVs in a similar price range, you might be wondering which is better for your needs. That's why we put the Rivian R2 and the Kia EV9 head-to-head.
Design
Both the Rivian R2 and the Kia EV9 are actual SUVs -- not crossovers pretending to be SUVs, like plenty of other EVs out there. The two vehicles offer big, boxy designs and plenty of interior space, making them excellent options for families or those who need that extra storage.

Read more