According to the report, the ads promote applications called “Browser Defense” and “Broxu.” What’s scary is that the actual graphic used in these ads contains malicious code buried within the parameters of their alpha channel, which is used to define the transparency of each pixel in images. By way of explanation, an alpha channel is what makes the background color of an image transparent so that the focused object can reside as an overlay against any backdrop image or color.
Adding the malicious script to an image’s alpha channel is only a minor modification. The resulting image has a slightly different tone than the original, but if web surfers have no idea what the originating image looks like, then they have no clue the altered, malicious version is on their screen. The sample provided by the ESET researchers is barely indistinguishable from the “clean” original.
Once the advertisement is displayed on the visitor’s screen, the embedded code uses the CVE-2016-0162 vulnerability in Internet Explorer to scan the target PC to see if it’s running on a malware analyst’s machine. If the coast is clear, it will then load a landing page that includes a Flash file built for exploiting three vulnerabilities in Flash Player: CVE-2015-8651, CVE-2016-1019, and CVE-2016-4117.
“Upon successful exploitation, the executed shell code collects information on installed security products and performs — [in a manner] as paranoid as the cybercriminals behind this attack — yet another check to verify that it is not being monitored,” the antivirus firm reports. “If results are favorable, it will attempt to download the encrypted payload from the same server again, disguised as a GIF image.”
When the encrypted payload is downloaded to the target PC, it is then decrypted and launched through regsvr32.exe or rundll32.exe in Microsoft Windows. The payloads detected thus far have included various trojan downloaders, banking trojans, backdoors, spyware, and “file stealers.”
The attack is based on the Stegano exploit kit, which uses steganography to hide malware out in plain sight. The term is typically used when hiding messages or information within public text and data. However, in this case, the method throws a malicious script within the alpha channel information of an image. The kit was first used in 2014 to target Dutch customers, and moved on to residents in the Czech Republic. New attacks are targeting web surfers in Australia, Britain, Canada, Italy, and Spain.
ESET senior malware researcher Robert Lipovsky pointed out in an interview that web surfers aren’t required to do anything to trigger the malicious script: all they have to do is visit a website displaying the infected ad. The payloads aren’t random either: attackers choose what to download to the target PCs.
Lipovsky added that the firm didn’t release a list of websites affected by the malicious ads because the information didn’t add any value to the warning. Even more, the firm didn’t want to inflict reputational harm to the websites given that they had no clue or control over displaying the ads. Naturally, web surfers can stay safe by keeping their browser, Flash Player, and security software updated regularly.
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