Skip to main content

So you want to buy a hybrid, but which one? Breaking down the types of hybrid cars

types of hybrid cars
Image used with permission by copyright holder

It’s rare for a compromise to generate broad appeal. The idea of combining two complete propulsion systems in one car sounds complicated, but since the first Toyota Prius and Honda Insight launched in the late 1990s, hybrids have proven to be the perfect solution for millions of buyers looking for better fuel economy, lower emissions, and everyday practicality.

However, not all hybrids are created equal. Different manufacturers use different combinations of internal combustion engines, batteries, and electric motors to build their hybrids. Like every other type of car, the term “hybrid” is more of a jumping off point for variation than a strict definition.

Recommended Videos

The basics

The one thing all hybrids have in common is that, as their name denotes, they combine two types of propulsion. In every production hybrid, that means an internal combustion engine like the ones found in the majority of cars, and one or more electric motors powered by onboard batteries.

There are obviously many different types of internal combustion engines, and that variety is reflected in hybrids. Displacement and cylinder count varies from the Honda Insight’s 1.3-liter inline four to the Lexus LS 600h L’s 5.0-liter V8.

2013 BMW ActiveHybrid 3 driver's side view
Image used with permission by copyright holder

One thing you can expect from every hybrid is that it will be powered by gasoline. Peugeot makes diesel hybrids, but other manufacturers have shied away from this due to the added cost of diesels and the fact that they don’t jibe as well with the flat torque curve of an electric motor.

Batteries are more homogeneous  Most hybrids use lithium-ion batteries because they deliver the most storage capacity for their size. The only outlier is Toyota, which still uses nickel metal-hydride batteries. While these batteries are inherently less efficient, Toyota continues to make them work in its hybrids.

Mild to wild

What really sets each hybrid apart, though, is how it uses its gasoline engine and electric motor. Some cars use their engine as a generator and their motor as the prime mover, while others rely mostly on conventional power, leaving the electricity for an occasional boost of power or emission-free running.

Very basic hybrids, called “mild hybrids,” can only do the latter. Cars like the Chevrolet Malibu Eco use their batteries and electric motor to assist the gasoline engine, with no provision for running on electric power only. In fact, General Motors calls the Malibu Eco an example of “light electrification of a traditional powertrain,” not a hybrid. The result is a car that is slightly cheaper ($25,995) than other comparable hybrids, but with less spectacular fuel economy (26 mpg city, 38 mpg highway).

The next step up from a mild hybrid is something along the lines of Honda’s Integrated Motor Assist (IMA), which sandwiches an electric motor between the engine’s flywheel and the transmission. This gives cars like the Insight the ability to drive on electricity alone.

Honda Insight
Image used with permission by copyright holder

According to the EPA, the Insight is good for 41 mpg city and 44 mpg highway. However, it’s doppelganger, the Toyota Prius, achieves 51 city and 48 highway mpg.

That’s mostly due to the fact that Toyota’s Hybrid Synergy Drive gives the electric motor its own way to power the wheels, which is more efficient. Since the Prius can spend more time running on electricity, it can take better advantage of low-speed city driving. That explains the Toyota’s higher city mpg number.

Getting a hybrid to spend most of its time running on electricity is the key to more miles per gallon, and sometimes that means spending more money gets less. The 2013 Ford Fusion hybrid is rated at 47 mpg in all three EPA categories, while the BMW ActiveHybrid 3 is rated at a (provisional) 25 mpg city, 33 mpg highway, and 28 mpg combined.

Why are BMW buyers spending more money ($49,300 versus $27,200) for fewer mpg? BMW had different priorities: the ActiveHybrid is the most powerful non-M 3 Series available; its electric motor is more of a power booster than an alternative power source. The ActiveHybrid 3 can only drive up to 37 mph on electric power, while the Fusion can reach 62 mph.

Plugging in

Plug-in hybrids bridge the gap between the Insights and Priuses of the world and fully-electric cars like the Nissan Leaf. Adding the ability to charge the car’s battery pack from an external socket means the engine doesn’t always have to be used as a generator.

This is where the EPA’s MPGe ratings come in. A Toyota Prius plug-in nets roughly the same mpg (51 city, 49 highway) as a regular Prius, but that doesn’t include the time the car spends on electricity. A Prius plug-in is rated at 95 MPGe, meaning the EPA thinks it can achieve the equivalent of 95 mpg by leaving its gasoline engine turned off much of the time.

2012 Chevy Volt
Image used with permission by copyright holder

Things aren’t quite that simple, though. Some plug-ins, including the Prius and Ford C-Max Energi, are basically “regular” hybrids with plug-in capability added on. The Chevrolet Volt (the first of the breed, and still known as GM’s “moon shot”) only couples its gasoline engine to its wheels in very specific circumstances. The Fisker Karma’s engine is not physically connected to its wheels at all, making it a true generator.

Which is best? The Karma (54 MPGe) is a bit of an outlier, since it’s a big, performance-oriented luxury car, while the others are sensible hatchbacks. Among those hatchbacks, it’s nearly a dead heat: 95 MPGe for the Prius, 98 MPGe for the 2013 Volt, and 100 MPGe for the 2013 Ford C-Max Energi.

For now, a plug-in is a plug-in when it comes to MPGe, whether the gasoline engine stays coupled to the wheels or not. These cars do command a premium over other hybrids, but they provide maximum mileage without the range anxiety of fully electric vehicles. That puts them at the top of the hybrid pyramid.

Stephen Edelstein
Stephen is a freelance automotive journalist covering all things cars. He likes anything with four wheels, from classic cars…
The Nissan Rogue is joining the plug-in hybrid club in 2025
nissan rogue hybrid 2025 2024

It might have taken a while, and slumping sales of its most popular SUV, but Nissan has finally taken the step to offer hybrid vehicles in the U.S. The Japanese automaker will add a plug-in hybrid (PHEV) powertrain to the 2026 Rogue compact SUV, which should be available stateside sometime next year, Nissan Americas chief planning officer Ponz Pandikuthira told Automotive News.A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) typically runs on electric power until its battery is almost depleted, at which point it automatically switches over to using a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. The battery can be recharged conventionally from the outside or through regenerative braking.
While Nissan has been offering popular fully electric vehicles (EVs) such as the Leaf and the Ariya for years, it has surprised many by not joining the hybrid bandwagon, especially for the Rogue. Competitors such as the Toyota RAV4 and the Honda CR-V, which do provide the part-fuel, part-electric power capacity, have seen their sales surging. Meanwhile, sales of the Rogue have slumped this year.
That’s why Nissan is partnering with Mitsubishi to start offering its first-ever electrically assisted car in the U.S. next year.
According to the Automotive News report, the Rogue will be outfitted with a similar powertrain found in the Mitsubishi Outlander. In that model, a 2.4-liter gas engine powers the front wheels, while two electric motors create an all-wheel drive system that can either work on its own or in conjunction with the gas engine. As the Outlander is able to deliver 248 horsepower, that would make the Rogue PHEV more powerful than the existing model’s 201 hp. The Outlander is also rated for 38 miles of electric driving by the EPA.
In addition, Nissan is planning to bring its non-plug-in, e-Power series hybrid technology to the U.S. in 2026. This technology, already available outside the U.S., also uses electric motors to power the wheels while using the gas engine to charge the battery.

Read more
Are self-driving cars the death of car ownership?
Tesla Cybercab at night

Self-driving cars are coming. It remains to be seen how long that will take. Plenty of vehicles can more or less drive themselves on highways, but for now, they still can't completely reliably drive themselves on all streets, in all conditions, taking into account all different variables. One thing is clear, though: the tech industry sees autonomous driving as the future of personal transportation, and they're spending billions to reach that goal.

But what happens when we get there? Tesla made headlines for not only announcing its new Cybercab fully autonomous vehicle, but simultaneously claiming that customers will be able to buy one. That's right, at least if Tesla is to be believed, the Cybercab doesn't necessarily represent Tesla building its own Uber-killing fleet of self-driving cars, but instead giving people the ownership over the self-driving car industry.

Read more
Tesla and Elon Musk sued over use of AI image at Cybercab event
tesla and spacex CEO elon musk stylized image

Tesla’s recent We, Robot presentation has run into trouble, with one of the production companies behind Blade Runner 2049 suing Tesla and its CEO, Elon Musk, for alleged copyright infringement.

Tesla used the glitzy October 10 event to unveil its Cybercab and Robovan, and also to showcase the latest version of its Optimus humanoid robot.

Read more